patoloji-ders-notlari

Title

Serdar Balcı

Ekzokrin Pankreas Hastalıkları

Dr. Serdar BALCI

Pankreas

İnhibitors of autodigestion of the pancreas

Pancreatic enzymes are synthesized as inactive proenzymes

Sequestered in membrane-bound zymogen granules

Activation of proenzymes requires conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin by duodenal enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

Trypsin inhibitors (e.g., SPINK1, also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor) are secreted by acinar and ductal cells

Trypsin cleaves and inactivates itself

Acinar cells are remarkably resistant to the action of activated enzymes

Kistik Fibrozis

Cystic fibrosis

The acinar tissue of the pancreas has been replaced by adipose tissue.

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease

Pankreasta kistik fibrozis. Duktuslar dilate ve eozinofilik müsin ile tıkalı, parenkim atrofik ve fibröz doku gelişimi

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease

KONJENITAL ANOMALILER

Agenezis

Çok nadir

Pankreasın tümüyle gelişmemesi

Diğer yaşamla bağdaşmayan anomalilerle birlikte

Pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, PDX1

Pankreas divisum

En sık klinik olarak önemli konjenital anomali

Otopsi serilerinde %3-10

Duktusların birleşmemesi

Ana pankreas kanalı sadece pankreas başını drene eder

Pankreasın geri kalanı aksesuar ampulladan açılır

Kronik pankreatit için artmış risk

Anüler pankreas

Pankreas füzyon defekti

Duodenumu çepeçevre saran pankreas

Duodenal obstrüksiyon bulguları

Ektopik pankreas

Popülasyonun %2’sinde

Mide, duodenum, jejunum, Meckel divertikülü, ileum

Embriyolojik artıklar

Küçük (mm-cm)

Submukoza

Normal pankreas asinileri, bazen adacıklar

Genelde insidental ve asemptomatik

Inflamasyon nedeniyle ağrı, nadiren kanama

Pankreatik nöroendokrin tümörlerin %2Si ektopik pankreas dokusundan gelişiyor

Konjenital kistler

Pankreatik duktusların anormal gelişimi

Polikistik hastalıklarla ilişkili olabilir

Genelde uniloküler, mikroskopik boyuttan 5cm’e kadar

Uniform kubik ya da basık epitelle döşeli

Ince fibröz kapsülle çevrili

Şeffaf seröz sıvı içerir

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

PANKREATIT

Akut Pankreatit

Robbins Basic Pathology

Akut pankreatitin diğer nedenleri

Akut pankreatit

Mikrovasküler hasar, ödem

Lipaz ile yağ nekrozu

Akut inflamatuar reaksiyon

Pankreas parankiminin proteolitik yıkımı

Kan damarlarında hasar, interstisyel kanama

The microscopic field shows a region of fat necrosis (right) and focal pancreatic parenchymal necrosis (center).

Fat necrosis results from enzymatic destruction of fat cells; the released fatty acids combine with calcium to form insoluble salts that precipitate in situ

Robbins Basic Pathology

The pancreas has been sectioned longitudinally to reveal dark areas of hemorrhage in the pancreatic substance and a focal area of pale fat necrosis in the peripancreatic fat (upper left).

Robbins Basic Pathology

Acute pancreatitis

Dark red black hemorrhage and chalky white necrosis of interstitial and peripancreatic fat

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

Omentum with fat necrosis

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

Akut pankreatitin patogenezi

Robbins Basic Pathology

Safra taşı veya çamuru

Duktal sisteme dışarıdan bası

Tıkanıklık olur

İntraduktal basınç artar

Enzimden zengin interstisyel sıvı birikir

Lipaz aktive olur ve lokal yağ nekrozu

Hasar gören dokular, periasiner myofibroblastlar ve lökositler pro-inflamatuar sitokin salgılarlar

Geçirgen mikrodamarlardan lokal inflamasyon ve ödem gelişir

Ödem lokal kan akışını engeller

Vasküler yetmezlik, asinik hücrelerde iskemik hasar

Robbins Basic Pathology

İskemi, viral enfeksşyonlar, ilaçlar, direk travma

Asiner hücre hasarı

Robbins Basic Pathology

Robbins Basic Pathology

Robbins Basic Pathology

Alkol tüketimi değişik mekanizmalarla etki edebilir

Pankreas ekzokrin sekresyonunu arttırır

Oddi kasılmasına neden olur

Asiner hücrelerde direk toksik etki

Asiner hücrelerde oksidatif stres

Membran hasarı

Proteinden zengin pankreas sıvısının sekresyonu

Protein tıkaçlarının oluşumu

Pankreatik kanal obstrüksiyonu

Komplikasyonlar

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases

Pankreatik psödokistler

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

A: Cross-section revealing a poorly defined cyst with a necrotic brownish wall.

Robbins Basic Pathology

B: Histologically, the cyst lacks a true epithelial lining and instead is lined by fibrin and granulation tissue, with typical changes of chronic inflammation.

Robbins Basic Pathology

Kronik Pankreatit

In chronic pancreatitis irreversible impairment in pancreatic function

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases

Chronic pancreatitis. The pancreas becomes hard and gray and contains numerous areas of mineralization. Ducts are cystically dilated and contain scattered calculi.

Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas

Extensive fibrosis and atrophy has left only residual islets (left) and ducts (right), with a sprinkling of chronic inflammatory cells and acinar tissue.

Robbins Basic Pathology

parenchymal fibrosis

reduced number and size of acini

variable dilation of the pancreatic ducts

relative sparing of the islets of Langerhans

Robbins Basic Pathology

Remaining islets of Langerhans become embedded in the sclerotic tissue and may fuse and appear enlarged; eventually they also disappear

Acinar loss, with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate around remaining lobules and ducts

Robbins Basic Pathology

The ductal epithelium may be atrophied or hyperplastic or exhibit squamous metaplasia, and ductal concretions may be noted

Robbins Basic Pathology

Otoimmün pankreatit

Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis